{
  "slug": "solar-storm-survival",
  "title": "Storms and Extremes: The Risk That Is Not About Yield",
  "url": "https://solaranalytica.com/solar-storm-survival",
  "summary": "This part prices whether a system survives, not how much it produces. Across 40 markets, hail, the peril that breaks PV glass, seriously threatens only Johannesburg and Sydney; extreme wind governs 13 markets, flood 11, and five face no material hazard at all. The mount spec and the insurance reserve, not the annual kilowatt-hours, are where these storms are felt.",
  "license": "Free to use with attribution to Solar Analytica (solaranalytica.com). Underlying figures are named to their public sources below.",
  "csv": "https://solaranalytica.com/reports/solar-storm-survival/data.csv",
  "datePublished": "2026-06-04",
  "lastReviewed": "2026-06-04",
  "sources": [
    {
      "title": "ESSL / NHESS: European large-hail climatology (Hulton et al. 2024)",
      "url": "https://nhess.copernicus.org/articles/24/1079/2024/"
    },
    {
      "title": "World Bank GFDRR: ThinkHazard! multi-hazard screening",
      "url": "https://thinkhazard.org/"
    },
    {
      "title": "AMS 27SLS: hail climatology of Australia",
      "url": "https://ams.confex.com/ams/27SLS/webprogram/Handout/Paper255889/hailClimatologyOfAustraliaBasedOnLightningAndReanalysis.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "US NHC via NYC Hazard Mitigation Plan: coastal-storm return periods",
      "url": "https://nychazardmitigation.com/documentation/hazard-profiles/coastal-storms/"
    },
    {
      "title": "Li et al. 2016 (J. Climate): declining hail over the Tibetan Plateau",
      "url": "https://adapt.psu.edu/ZHANG/papers/Lietal2016JC.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "Solar Analytica: The Heat Penalty (Production Climate part 01)",
      "url": "https://solaranalytica.com/solar-heat-penalty"
    }
  ],
  "figures": [
    {
      "id": "large-hail-days",
      "title": "The hail belt. Large-hail days per year, the 10 markets with a figure",
      "unit": "large-hail days per year",
      "caption": "The spine peril: large-hail days per year (>=2 cm where measured), the 10 of 40 markets with a defensible figure. Johannesburg and Sydney are the serious PV-glass hail markets; the four zeros are hail-exempt. The other 30 are blank, not zero. Sources per market in the dataset.",
      "series": [
        {
          "label": "Bogota",
          "value": 6
        },
        {
          "label": "Johannesburg",
          "value": 5
        },
        {
          "label": "Sydney",
          "value": 5
        },
        {
          "label": "Seoul",
          "value": 1.4
        },
        {
          "label": "Perth",
          "value": 0.65
        },
        {
          "label": "Jodhpur",
          "value": 0.5
        },
        {
          "label": "Alice Springs",
          "value": 0
        },
        {
          "label": "Antofagasta",
          "value": 0
        },
        {
          "label": "Lagos",
          "value": 0
        },
        {
          "label": "Reykjavik",
          "value": 0
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "markets-by-dominant-peril",
      "title": "What governs asset survival. Count of markets by dominant peril",
      "unit": "markets",
      "caption": "What governs asset survival, market by market, across all 40. Extreme wind and flood dominate by count, but hail (blue) is the one that most directly destroys the glass, and five markets face no material hazard at all. From the storm-risk pillar.",
      "series": [
        {
          "label": "Extreme wind",
          "value": 13
        },
        {
          "label": "Flood",
          "value": 11
        },
        {
          "label": "Hail",
          "value": 7
        },
        {
          "label": "None significant",
          "value": 5
        },
        {
          "label": "Tropical cyclone",
          "value": 4
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}